Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. Delusions. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Treatment. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. Complications. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Thirst. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. How does hypnosis work? As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Has something like this ever happened to you? Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Think meditation might help? Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Disorganized Thinking. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. d. both b and c. 2. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. Feeling tired. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012).