However, unlike Shanahan, Smith's changeup is the downhill duo run that his Titans offense used on 19% of its runs last season. And of course, they happen to have a premier one-two punch in, When the Patriots do get in shotgun to run the ball, 75% of those plays have some quarterback run element. Quarterbacks such as Randall Cunningham and Michael Vick have been successful runners in this offense, as well as other notable scrambling quarterbacks such as Jake Plummer, Donovan McNabb, Aaron Rodgers, Russell Wilson and Tyrod Taylor. Xs and Os: Introduction to West Coast Offense Route Combinations. Theyve run the ball at the eighth-highest rate during that time frame, as well. 49ers. At the same time by having the Quarterback in the shotgun and twins to one side the defense is forced to honor the quick pass and cover . Years later in 2002, under coach Keith Gilbertson and quarterback Cody Pickett, the Huskies ran a variation of Walsh's West Coast offense to a conference championship and a top four passing attack averaging 352.4 yards per game. Despite often leading teams plagued by injuries, Shanahan has molded the 49ers into a physical, hard-nosed team with a potent run-first version of the West Coast offense. With Tyrod Taylor or Davis Mills starting, Kelly will have to help out his signal-caller much more. Its a pick-your-poison affair with two of the top players at their position creating high/lows and side-to-side stretches on defenders. Mike Holmgren is another prominent member of Bill Walsh's coaching tree. "WCO" plays unfold quicker than in traditional offenses and are usually based on timing routes by the receivers. As of the end of the 2022 NFL season, Reid has won 22 NFL playoff games, and he trails only Bill Belichick (31) for most postseason wins by an NFL head coach. The timing isn't ideal with spring practice just over a month away so the process to hire the next person has to happen quickly. That doesnt leave much room for straight dropbacks, but they havent been very good at them recently, either. The Football Team managed to run the ball decently from these formations, whether it was inside or outside zone, but they couldnt throw it. Head coach Frank Reich will look to run it back with Carson Wentz, his quarterback in Philadelphia when he was offensive coordinator there. The San Francisco 49ers, under both Bill Walsh and George Seifert, often executed this strategy very effectively. Arizona tries to stay as spread out as possible, plays with fast tempo by not moving its receivers to different positions, gets all five eligibles out in the route and then throws hitch routes every play. West Coast - Pistol Doubles. 2020 Pass Efficiency Rank: 22 If we go with the assumption that Justin Fields is the starting quarterback, it would be reasonable to expect the Bears to look somewhat similar to how they played last year rather than in years prior. Since 2013, he has served as head coach of the Chiefs. Thats not quite what Wilson wants to do. offense is based in either 21 (two backs and a tight end) or 22 (two backs and two tight end) sets. Walsh formulated what has become popularly known as the West Coast offense during his tenure as assistant coach for the Cincinnati Bengals from 1968 to 1975, while working under the tutelage of mentor Paul Brown. Jerry Rice's unique skill-set made him a reliable and durable asset in both Walsh's and Seifert's versions of the West Coast Offense, and he was able to break numerous NFL receiving records over the course of his career. 2020 Pass Efficiency Rank: 17 During his time as head coach, he won two Super Bowls with the Broncos in 1997 & 1998, utilizing John Elway's passing skills and leadership. Reich can certainly get back to all of these types of concepts, even with an older Wentz, to get the ball rolling a bit and make his quarterback comfortable. With Shemar Moore, Alex Russell, Lina Esco, Kenny Johnson. The Broncos are going to have to find a way to hide, Denver finished second last year in deep throw rate. All of this is to say that Brady has shown he can adapt to his surroundings, and he should be able to fit new quarterback Sam Darnold into the right system. Thats how he operated in his last year at BYU, although his receivers obviously wont be as open they were last year. The quarterback makes three reads and if no opportunity is available after three reads, the QB will then check off to a back or tight end. Locksley coached a spread offense at Illinois when he was the offensive coordinator there from 2005-2008. In American football, the West Coast offense is an offense that places a greater emphasis on passing than on running. Those runs didnt actually go anywhere, though, producing just .008 EPA per play. Posted on April 21, 2014 by Jay Hodgson. Rice, who earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010, recorded 1,549 receptions, 22,895 receiving yards, and 208 total touchdowns, more than any other NFL player in all three categories. Shanahan also served as head coach of the Washington Redskins from 2010 to 2013, but his time in Washington was significantly less successful than his tenure with the Broncos. They played in Super Bowl XL after the 2005 season. Like most teams, the Bills are a heavy user of 11 personnel (one running back, one tight end), but their quirk is how often they play their tight end as a pseudo fullback or H-back. Since most down and distance situations can be attacked with a pass or a run, the intent is to make offensive play calling unpredictable and thus keep the defense's play "honest", forcing defenders to be prepared for a multitude of possible offensive plays rather than focusing aggressively on one likely play from the offense. The West Coast offense caused a split still evident today among quarterbacks; those who were more adept at the West Coast style: Joe Montana, Steve Young, Brett Favre, Tom Brady, and Matt Hasselbeck; and those more in tune with the old style: Dan Marino, Jim Kelly, and Peyton Manning. Last year, they were seventh in RPO rate, and that should only get higher with Tua starting from Day 1. Walsh's 49ers won three Super Bowls during this period, behind the passing abilities of legendary quarterback Joe Montana. Dallas doesn't need to change much from last season before Prescott went down for the season. From a macro perspective, new head coach and play caller Arthur Smith will look to install a similar offense to the Kyle Shanahan attack that took the Falcons to the Super Bowl at the end of the 2016 season, but there are some differences. That 2016 Bills team was a heavy pulling team, as it finished in the top 10 in both counter and power usage. The rushing attack consists of a lot of downhill runs, such as duo, power and counter, although New York was just average, finishing 14th in EPA per rush on those combined runs. Beyond the basic principle of passing to set up the run, there are few rules that govern Walsh's West Coast Offense. When I went back and watched a handful of those games and you see the pre-snap formations are largely Mornhinweg West Coast offense staples. Subscribe $9.95/mo. Another key element in Walsh's attack was the three step dropback instead of traditional seven step drops or shotgun formations. Contrary to popular belief, the offense also uses the 7-step drop for shallow crosses, deep ins and comebacks. 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 24. A running quarterback can compensate by acting as a runner himself, paralyzing an overly aggressive defense. The West Coast offense requires sure-handed receivers who are comfortable catching in heavy traffic, and the system downplays speedy, larger receivers who are covered easily in short yardage situation. You wont see RPOs or outside zone or any other trending concepts make their way into Tampa Bay next year. This imbalance forced defenses to abandon their own favored, conventional formations. Just let Dak do his thing. 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 5. Still, the moniker stuck. If Jordan Love is the quarterback in 2021, maybe a heavy dose of under-center outside zone runs and bootlegs will go a long way to helping him settle in at the NFL level. Under Brown's tenure, Walsh was tasked with devising an offensive plan suited to Bengal quarterback Virgil Carter, who had an accurate but relatively weak arm. For the California, Oregon, Washington states abortion rights coalition, see, Last edited on 18 February 2023, at 00:59, NCAA Division I-A national football championship, "Bill Walsh, Bill Parcells and the Rise of the Left Tackle", "Mike Shanahan's enduring legacy in Washington is his coaching tree", "Brigham Young's Lavell Edwards: More than a passing legacy", "In Oregon-Boise state game, expect a bag of tricks", "Auburn puts south in west coast offense", "Spider 2 Y Banana, a terrific play-action west coast offensive football play", "Ben Roethlisberger: Steelers offense is 'dink and dunk', ESPN.com explanation of West Coast offense, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Coast_offense&oldid=1140015994, This page was last edited on 18 February 2023, at 00:59. He was the one who popularized the power-coast offense. Later in the game, an observed tendency in a certain situation by the opposing defense could be exploited. Kansas City used a trips formation with the tight end isolated on the back side more than anyone else in the league by far. In the pistol offense, also commonly referred to as the "pistol formation", the quarterback lines up four yards . Another aspect of the West Coast offense is the use of fast running quarterbacks. From 1999 to 2012, Reid served as Eagles head coach. gmagic45032. The West Coast Offense, as developed by former San Francisco 49ers head coach Bill Walsh, is a finesse offense that utilizes a short passing game designed to control the ball. The West Coast offense derives its name from the location where its creator made his name. Since 2008, Harbaugh has enjoyed a largely successful run as head coach of the Baltimore Ravens. Another one-time member of Holmgren's coaching staff, Andy Reid, has successfully utilized the West Coast offense during his tenure as a head coach for both the Philadelphia Eagles and Kansas City Chiefs. It was popularized when Walsh was the head coach of the San Francisco 49ers. They heard us. Several coaches and players associated with BYU's football program had success with this offense at BYU and elsewhere, including Virgil Carter, Mike Holmgren, Andy Reid, Brian Billick, Ted Tollner, Doug Scovil, Norm Chow, Jim McMahon, Steve Young, Ty Detmer, and Steve Sarkisian. Running backs must be versatile. Those runs didnt actually go anywhere, though, producing just .008 EPA per play. The former Minnesota Vikings offensive coordinator was given the 21st-ranked offense in 2019, according to EPA per play, and improved the unit all the way to 10th. In addition, it requires the quarterback to be able to quickly pick the best one of five receivers to throw to, certainly much more quickly than in previously used systems. Besides the 3 Super Bowl wins, Walsh won 6 NFC West division titles and compiled a 92-59-1 regular season record, with a 104 mark in the NFL playoffs. The Multiple West Coast Offense - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Two of Reid's former assistants, John Harbaugh and Doug Pederson, have also succeeded in both reaching and winning a Super Bowl as head coaches. We made jokes. 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 7. The Pistol formation is an offense that marries two other types of offenses together to make a new hybrid type of offense. With a quarterback as good as Prescott, its not the end of the world if the Cowboys arent running all the trendy offensive shenanigans such as outside zone and play action. There was going to be a question of whether that could work in the NFL, but Brady went the other way. The 49ers are another outside zone team. He stopped calling trips formations at a high rate, as well. The Chargers brought in longtime Saints coach Joe Lombardi to essentially Saints-ify their offense, although one would think that would be at odds with how Rookie of the Year quarterback Justin Herbert wants to play. That 2017 offense featured a lot of spread concepts, with the Eagles showing the eighth-highest rate of 11 personnel (one back, one tight end) in the league, the fourth-highest rate of shotgun snaps and the second-highest rate of RPOs. They also should see their use of 31 formations, 24th in the league last year, increase with the addition of JaMarr Chase at the X receiver position. The Bulldogs have been much more adept on that side of the ball, anyway. Waldron cant just come in and copy/paste the Rams' offense. They also should see their use of 31 formations, 24th in the league last year, increase with the addition of, With his heavy outside zone scheme that stretches defenses horizontally, he was able to put together a good running game that finished 13th in EPA per rush. The team needs to keep that up. The popular term "West Coast Offense" is more of a philosophy and an approach to the game than it is a set of plays or formations. This is for all intents and purposes an option offense. And as Allen has taken his game to the next level, the offense has taken off. Davis came in needing 26 points to break Maravich's hallowed mark of 3,667 points that stood for over 50 years. This was already a shotgun-based, 11 personnel-heavy (one running back, one tight end) attack that was generally based out of having two receivers on each side of the formation in 2019, and that is what it was in 2020. He used that notoriety as a launching pad into the NFL, where he then helped bring collegiate pistol-option strategies into the pro game. For instance, past Michigan Wolverines offenses utilized the 5- and 7-step drops about 85% of the time with West Coast pass schemes implemented by then-quarterbacks coach Scot Loeffler. The Raiders' play-action usage is just below average, but importantly, their deep pass rate took a sudden shift in 2020. . but that doesnt make this offense any less unusual. All of this leads to an offense that ranked 28th in rate of passes of 15-plus yards. After several years as a color commentator on ESPN Monday Night Football, he signed a deal to return to the Raiders as head coach for the 2018 NFL season. Matt LaFleur has been the head coach of the Green Bay Packers since 2019. 2020 Pass Efficiency Rank: 20 Weak Flood. Almost all offenses now incorporate spread . In his 16-year career in the NFL, Anderson made four trips to the Pro Bowl, won four passing titles, was named NFL MVP in 1981 (and also appeared in Super Bowl XVI that year), and set what was then the record for completion percentage in a single season in 1982 (70.66%). 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 3. The West Coast offense requires a quarterback who throws extremely accurately, and often blindly, very close to opposing players. Football offenses explained. Also, Hicks gets a long-awaited lead on a Jane Doe case he worked 20 years ago. 2020 Pass Efficiency Rank: 11 From 1992 to 1998, Holmgren was the head coach of the Green Bay Packers. 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 16. With the addition of Julio Jones to pair with A.J. The spread offense is an offensive scheme in gridiron football that typically places the quarterback in the shotgun formation, and "spreads" the defense horizontally using three-, four-, and even five-receiver sets.Used at every level of the game including professional (NFL, CFL), college (NCAA, NAIA, CIS), and high school programs across the US and Canada, spread offenses often employ a no . Holmgren later became head coach of the Seattle Seahawks, leading them from 1999 to 2008. [Bob Self/Florida Times-Union] Dont expect Arians and Leftwich to depart from this winning strategy. The play-action game off these runs are deep vertical shots, which led to Tom Brady having the second-highest average depth of target on play actions last season. The term "West Coast offense", though most often associated with Cincinnati Bengals quarterback coach and, later, San Francisco 49ers head coach Bill Walsh, may actually derive from a remark made by then New York Giants coach Bill Parcells after the Giants defeated the 49ers 173 in the 1985 NFL Playoffs. Walsh was inducted into the Pro Football Hall The Texans are not going to get away with living in five-man protections and having their quarterback bail them out. His versatile offensive schemes, along with his high percentage passing game and emphasis on ball control, complemented the skills of Joe Montana, who implemented Walsh's visionary system with great success as the 49ers' starting quarterback. Five step and even 7 step dropbacks are now implemented in modern-day WCO's because defensive speed has increased since the 80's. Initially, Walsh resisted having the term misapplied to his own distinct system and was especially incensed by the use of the word "finesse" in reference to his sophisticated offensive schemes. Lawrence is more like Stafford but has an uncanny ability to contort his body to get off passes while moving, so play-action boots might be in order. Jensen tallied 34 hits, 31 RBIs, 18 runs and 18 stolen bases, while Hoffman had 32 hits, 33 runs, 16 RBIs and 34 stolen bases. The West Coast IS an offense; a system with a very specific philosophy: Use a short, controlled, precise passing game to keep the defense off balance to open up the deep pass AND the running game. Kyle Shanahans father was one of the originators of the offense, but Shanahan has evolved since his dad, Mike, took the league by storm with it in 1998. HUNTSVILLE, Ala. -- James Spady is bringing the pistol offense to Alabama A&M, but is still banking on winning with defense. The Pistol offense moves the defenses in a certain way. To really go full BYU, the Jets could line up the running back in the pistol instead of going under center to run their offense. Expect a continued heavy dose of slants, fins and glance routes. The Dolphins are going to try to run downhill with inside zone split and duo runs. Kingsbury decided to cut down on some of his tried-and-true Air Raid principles after his first season in charge, and it led to better efficiency with a second-year quarterback at the helm. The Cowboys' scheme should be to let Dak Prescott do whatever he pleases. Last year, they were seventh in RPO rate, and that should only get higher with Tua starting from Day 1. . The Chiefs' passing scheme is often based upon creating a weakside triangle by placing tight end Travis Kelce as the isolated receiver on the backside of trips formation, having Tyreek Hill as the innermost slot receiver and releasing the running back to the weak side. That doesnt leave much room for straight dropbacks, but they havent been very good at them recently, either. Canadas last college offense, the 2018 Maryland Terrapins, did it at the 117th-ranked rate in the country. 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 31. The Dolphins are going to try to run downhill with inside zone split and duo runs. Taiwan has struck a deal with Ivory Coast to reopen its representative office there, after the mission became inactive in 2017, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said yesterday, confirming foreign media reports. After working as Shanahan's offensive coordinator on the Broncos from 1995-2005, Kubiak served as the head coach of the Houston Texans from 2006 to 2013. By adding a second running back into the backfield the offense now has a much more diverse selection of run plays. While outside zone did make up around 36% of San Francisco's runs the past two seasons, fifth-highest in the league, Shanahan also ranks top 10 in power and counter run rate. This is where they already had to adapt their offense in 2020, so continuing that and making sure Lock doesnt have to throw intermediate passes over the middle of the field is important. They can create some deeper play-action concepts. We shouldnt see much of a divergence from what the Bucs ran in 2020 on their way to the Super Bowl and what head coach Bruce Arians has always run. The West Coast Offense is an innovative horizontal passing offense based on timing and route running. Offense | Updated 2/16 by JackOregon. Walsh's West Coast Offense attempts to open up running and passing lanes for the backs and receivers to exploit, by causing the defense to concentrate on short passes. Smith's offenses have been great at it, producing the most expected points added per play over the past two seasons when handing it off on that scheme and the second-most EPA per play when showing that look and pulling the ball for play action. Pederson became head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles in 2016 and installed his own version of the West Coast offense. When Holmgren first came to San Francisco as an assistant coach, he started as Walsh's quarterbacks coach from 1986 to 1988. Mark Few and Gonzaga have won, at least, a share of 22 of the past 23 West Coast Conference regular season titles as well as 18 of the past 23 tournament titles. 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 1. 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 18. Sean McVay has served as the head coach of the Los Angeles Rams since 2017, and has already built a strong track record as a winning coach, guiding Los Angeles to 2 Super Bowl appearances. Herbert didnt show he was proficient at throwing around linebackers and safeties over the middle of the field last year, but he did flash an ability to use his cannon to absolutely destroy defenses deep down the field. Anderson's 447 passing yards were enough to overshadow Simpson's 197 yards on the ground in a Bengals win that proved a milestone, providing a striking contrast between the "old" ground game of defense-oriented football and the new game envisioned by Walsha game of higher scores, more action, and much air travel. After serving as the Baltimore Ravens' offensive coordinator in 2014, he became head coach of the Broncos in the 2015 season, and won Super Bowl 50. The three step drop helped the quarterback get the ball out faster resulting in far fewer sacks. Ken Anderson later replaced Carter as Cincinnati's starting QB, and was even more successful. 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 11. The Football Team managed to run the ball decently from these formations, whether it was inside or outside zone, but they couldnt throw it. During his Eagles days, his teams were mostly led by QB Donovan McNabb. Washington was a sneaky spread team in 2020, getting into formations with an inline tight end or a fullback at the leagues lowest rate. Y Shallow Cross. I was searching for a play that could create a big vertical West Coast. 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 12. Chargers in the 1960s and later by Don Coryell's St. Louis Cardinals and Chargers in the 1970s and 1980s. In blitz or short-yardage situations, many of the West Coast offense's strengths are negated by defenses blocking running and passing lanes. 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 15. That formation made up 18% of the team's offense. Theyve run the ball at the eighth-highest rate during that time frame, as well. Jaguars (16) QB Trevor Lawrence during drills at Thursday's OTA session. Colin Kaepernick Not Expecting Huge Changes From Nevada Pistol Offense To Jim Harbaugh . CeeDee Lamb lined up in the slot, and Amari Cooper is the wide side Z receiver. The Eagles, with the help of backup QB and Super Bowl MVP Nick Foles, defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII. Still, there were also the downsides to Moore's tenure in Dallas, though they were hardly all . It will be interesting to see if Cleveland comes off this blueprint and lets quarterback Baker Mayfield drop back and sling it more. "WCO" systems also rely on agile running backs that catch the ball as often as they run. The next version of the Steelers' offense could be completely different from any attack weve seen before. This resulted in coverage mismatches and space for the backs and receivers to break long runs. The passing game should revolve around the two tight ends the team picked up in free agency. The Eagles are going to have to figure out a way to craft an offense specifically for quarterback Jalen Hurts. Their inside zone runs shot up from 19% to 32% last year, giving them more balance in their rushing attack. We can expect offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and quarterbacks coach Brian Schottenheimer to ease Trevor Lawrence into his NFL career with a lot of play action. Since the routes are relatively short, and the pass leaves the quarterback's hand quickly, there is less need for additional blockers. After again serving as an assistant for the Broncos from 1990 to 1991, he rebuilt his solid reputation working as offensive coordinator of the 49ers under George Seifert from 1992 to 1994, helping the team win Super Bowl XXIX. The Lions were generally one of more pass-heavy teams during the Matthew Stafford era, but dont expect that to continue in the Jared Goff-Dan Campbell-Anthony Lynn era. No team has run a higher percentage of play action since 2017 than the Rams (32.5%). Kyle Shanahan uses a fullback much more than those old Denver teams it helps that Kyle Juszczyk is one of the best in the league and he runs more counters to the base run scheme. Gannon struggled in the old style system but found great success with the Oakland Raiders and the West Coast system run by head coaches Jon Gruden and Bill Callahan. Al Davis, an assistant under Gillman, also carried his version to the Oakland Raiders, where his successors John Rauch, John Madden, and Tom Flores continued to employ and expand upon its basic principles. 2020 Pass Efficiency Rank: 27 The offense uses a specific naming system, with the routes for wide receivers and tight ends receiving three digit numbers, and routes for backs having unique names. That said, Norvell's run a variety of offenses in his career, from West Coast to pistol, balanced and spread. 2020 Pass Efficiency Rank: 14 Finizio was the anchor for the Croatan offensive line this season. *UPDATED* Madden 21: Best Playbooks (Offense & Defense) for Franchise Mode, Best Plays, MUT, Online, Alternate Playbooks & more Star players are great, but they need good plays. The run scheme and marrying the boot action to that run scheme wont change, as Wilson excels when he can get outside of the pocket. They also arent a spread-option team like wed see in college. HB Counter. The West Coast offense (WCO) is essentially a ball control offense using short, high-percentage timing routes initially and then down the field routes as the game unfolds. The Broncos are going to have to find a way to hide Drew Lock as much as possible and keep everything to the outside if he ends up starting again in 2021. OCTOBER 08, 2020. Parcellsa believer in "old-school" tough defense over finesse-oriented offense featuring frequent, high-percentage passing derided the 49ers' offense with the statement: "What do you think of that West Coast Offense now? The offense ran the ball at the fourth-highest rate in the league last season and called play action at the seventh-highest rate. Green Bay cut down on routes over the middle and used Aaron Rodgers elite speed release to continually hit out routes and go balls. But more importantly, it created big opportunities off play action, where the Browns ranked ninth in EPA per play. The quarterback is responsible for recognizing the defense and the reaction of the receiver to it and adjusting the route if needed. . A Walsh innovation was scripting the first 15 offensive plays of the game. The Seahawks, however, lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. He is confined by the elite yet mercurial play of quarterback, The Seahawks have already become a heavy outside zone team, as they finished ninth in usage of that run scheme last year. The Saints are a smorgasbord of offense tightly put together by the coaching and play calling of Sean Payton and the elite execution of Drew Brees. TOTAL. With his heavy outside zone scheme that stretches defenses horizontally, he was able to put together a good running game that finished 13th in EPA per rush. Kamara had 99 carries on outside zone runs, while Murray had 104 on inside zone and duo combined. 2020 Rush Efficiency Rank: 28. The Sean McVay offense in Los Angeles has always been a run-first, play-action later, drop back-never offense, but that may change after the team traded for Matthew Stafford. They are a big trips formation team, putting together the fourth-highest rate in the league last year, which fits their personnel to a tee. Roger Craig was a leading receiver for the 49ers for many years and was a 1,000 yard rusher and 1,000 yard receiver in the 1985 season. Three decades later, the West Coast offense has gone a bit ecumenical, with the glitzy name now a catch . The team needs to keep that up. The West Coast system has been the foundation of Reid's offense ever since he began his NFL coaching career as an assistant on Mike Holmgren's Packers staff in the early 1990s. Pistol Jones is just an average short thrower, so its hard for the Giants to get out of first gear. Wilsons problem on those throws is that he is not keen to even attempt to throw around linebackers and the sort. The origins of the west coast offense can be found with the 1970s Cincinnati Bengals in which Bill Walsh, . In this video, ZAN breaks down a 3 play minischeme from the Gun Split Offset in the West Coast offense.Follow ZAN on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/ZANmadde.