The chemical characteristics of the barriers of resistance to broomrape penetration have been extensively studied in Fabaceae crops (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009) and are reviewed in this article in Section Resistant Crops to Broomrape Invasion.. Multiple flushes (cohorts) of emergence could be found within a single season . (2009). Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis decreases strigolactone production in tomato. Role of the sucrose synthase encoding PrSus1 gene in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa L. (Pomel). Effect of amino acid application on induced resistance against citrus canker disease in lime plants. doi: 10.1111/nph.12692, Logan, D., and Stewart, G. R. (1995). is a parasitic plant that feeds on sunflower roots. Not all areas infested by broomrape are suitable for efficient solarization. Were trying to get a relatively low rate of material into the crop, high enough to kill the parasitic weed but low enough to not damage the crop, Hanson said. A., and Rubiales, D. (2010b). Phainopepla - the mistletoe bird. Bot. Dor, E., and Hershenhorn, J. Besides arginine and aspartate, other major forms of amino acids translocate from the host phloem but they are rapidly utilized by broomrape. 63, 53115322. Expression of a defense-related 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase gene in response to parasitism by Orobanche spp. Rev. The economic importance of the phytoparasites Orobanche and Striga, in Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Parasitic Weeds, Nairobi, eds J. K. Ransom, L. J. Musselman, A. D. Worsham, and C. Parker (Nairobi: CIMMYT), 137143. Phytochemistry 41, 403406. 153, 117126. Lack of knowledge in the molecular regulation of the host-parasite interaction during crop invasion has impeded the development of varieties carrying transgenes with capacity to inhibit broomrape penetration. Abstract. 19, 211236. Plant Pathol. Shortly after host penetration and connection, the parasite begins its heterotrophic growth at the expense of host resources. Weed Sci. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Description Small broomrape is an her-baceous, eshy annual that is a Crop Prot. Crop Prot. Orobanche; Phelipanche; germination; haustorium; integrated pest management; parasitism; plant recognition; seed bank. 93, 300313. Funct. Bagley urged growers and pest control advisors to be vigilant in avoiding spread of this weed to new fields. Soil solarization, a non-chemical technique for controlling Orobanche crenata and improving yield of faba bean. 30, 533591. The development of the solutions has usually not been conducted to their end so that many potential ways of controlling broomrape are not on the market. J. Nov 30, 2015. broomrape and bursage relationship. why is closed source software compiled broomrape and bursage relationship. Paris: Dterville. Tolerant varieties are able to endure infection with minor losses on productivity. 62, 1048510492. (2007a). Bookshelf 7, 34133420. Abu-Irmaileh, B. E., and Labrada, R. (2009). Activity of some nitrogen assimilating enzymes has been reported low in broomrapes. Like most seeds, broomrape seeds are resistant to rapid microbial degradation due to phenols located in its testa (Cezard, 1973). 51, 44874503. Phthalimide-lactones stimulate germination of parasitic weeds, in Proceedings of the XXXV Biennial Meeting of the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry, eds J. doi: 10.1007/s11103-008-9429-y. Planta 225, 10311038. Flowchart showing major underground parasitic events developed by broomrape weeds on susceptible crops and the control strategies that successfully target them. The flower shoots are scaly, with a dense terminal inflorescence (spike) of 10-20 flowers in most species. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00971.x, Mauro, R. P., Lo Monaco, A., Lombardo, S., Restuccia, A., and Mauromicale, G. (2015). Bioinspired chitinous material solutions for environmental sustainability and medicine. 47, 27. Weed Technol. (1980). 21, 5561. Broomrape, commonly called Orobanche, is a genus of more than 200 species of herbaceous plants native to the temperate northern hemisphere. Quelques aspects particuliers de la biologie des Orobanches, in Proceedings of the European Weed Research Council on Parasitic Weeds, eds W. G. H. Edwards, L. Kasasian, C. Parker, A. R. Saghir, and W. van der Zweep (Malta: Royal University of Malta), 5567. Z., Huang, K., Wickett, N. J., Alford, S., et al. Mol. (2007). Nitrate reductase is not detectable (Lee and Stewart, 1978) and activity of glutamine synthetase is very low (McNally et al., 1983). Accordingly, broomrape seed conditioning induces a decrease in ABA levels (Chae et al., 2004; Lechat et al., 2012) and GA synthesis (Joel et al., 1991; Zehhar et al., 2002). Metabolism during preconditioning and germination of Orobanche aegyptiaca, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga Research: Biology and management of Orobanche, eds A. H. Pieterse, J. doi: 10.1021/jf030025s, Grenz, J. H., Manschadi, A. M., Uygurc, F. N., and Sauerborn, J. Bot. Nitrogen and carbon relationships between the parasitic weed Orobanche foetida and susceptible and tolerant faba bean lines. broomrape and bursage relationship. Mabrouk, Y., Simier, P., Arfaoui, A., Sifi, B., Delavault, P., Zourgui, L., et al. (2012). 7:248. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-248, Bar-Nun, N., Ben-Hod, G., Lavi, E., and Mayer, A. M. (1996). Systemic translocation of nanoencapsulated herbicides could improve this herbicidal approach (Prez-de-Luque and Rubiales, 2009). Thermoinhibition uncovers a role for strigolactones in Arabidopsis seed germination. This approach would inhibit parasitism by killing the young seedling before it attaches to the host root. (2002). Sci. Crop Sci. doi: 10.1007/s00299-005-0052-y, Amsellem, Z., Zidack, N. K., Quimby, Jr P. C, and Gressel, J. 50, 69556958. A peptide from insects protects transgenic tobacco from a parasitic weed. doi: 10.1023/A:1015654429456. Use of other soil sterilants such as metham sodium, dazomet, and 1,3-dichloropropene have shown different degrees of efficacy but their high cost, complex application and negative environmental effects have prevented their widespread use by farmers (Foy et al., 1989; Goldwasser et al., 1995; Hershenhorn et al., 2009) or conducted to the withdrawal of authorization, at least in some countries. (Berner et al., 1999; Ahonsi et al., 2003), a close relative of broomrapes, however, broomrape germination is not responsive to ethylene (Joel, 2000). Barry M. Goldwater Range (BMGR), West Cultural Affiliation Study. doi: 10.1021/jf5027235, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Kisugi, T., Xie, X., Rubiales, D., and Yoneyama, K. (2014). Many beneficial organisms are either able to survive the solarization treatment or able to recolonize solarized soil (Sauerborn et al., 1989; Mauromicale et al., 2001). Metabolites. (2013). In addition, accumulation of toxic phenolic compounds at the infection point can be observed in some resistant varieties. The attachment organ of the parasitic angiosperms Orobanche cumana and O. aegyptiaca and its development. orthoceras, a potential mycoherbicide, parasitizes seeds of Orobanche cumana (Sunflower broomrape): a cytological study. Its not a huge problem, but its not a small one either, and I think its under-reported because it requires crop destruct. A multiple-pathogen strategy in which two or more pathogens are combined has been proved successful for the control of broomrape causing a synergistic effect that can lead to 100% broomrape control (Dor and Hershenhorn, 2003; Mller-Stver et al., 2005). Nature 435, 824827. 11, 530536. The stimulatory capability of crop root exudates is defined by the qualitative and quantitative content of germination-inducing factors and varies across crop species and cultivars. Weed Res. Exp. 51, 152156. The capacity of P. orobanchia to reduce broomrape populations is limited by cultural practices and antagonists (Klein and Kroschel, 2002; Aly, 2007). The external cell layer at the root tip differentiates into a papillate cell layer forming an adhesion epithelium (Figure 2D). Res. Planta 235, 11971207. Biological control of broomrape is based on the use of living organisms either by killing seed bank or interfering with its host-recognition ability. (2001). 139, 194198. Linke, K. H., and Saxena, M. C. (1991). Understanding Orobanche and Phelipanche-host plant interactions and developing resistance. Sauerborn (1991) estimated that 16 million ha in Mediterranean and West Asia regions risked being infested. Z. Planzenphysiol. Biol. Rhizobium leguminosarum induces defense mechanisms based on elevated induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway conferring mechanical and chemical barriers to the parasite penetration (Mabrouk et al., 2007a,b,c, 2010). doi: 10.1614/WS-05-151R.1, Eizenberg, H., Lande, T., Achdari, G., Roichman, A., and Hershenhorn, J. Pron, T., Vronsi, C., Mortreau, E., Pouvreau, J. Broomrape is easily spread by equipment, boots and water, he said. Bot. Field Crops Res. Ann. Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 67, 10151022. The physiology and biochemistry of parasitic angiosperms. FBiH - Konkursi za turistike vodie i voditelje putnike agencije. (2004). (2012). 70, 183212. doi: 10.1560/E2KB-FM11-X4U2-YC9J, Bar-Nun, N., Sachs, T., and Mayer, A. M. (2008). doi: 10.1614/WS-07-049.1, Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Matusova, R., Charnikhova, T., Amini, M., Jamil, M., et al. Despite the reports of broomrape inefficient machinery for nitrogen assimilation and broomrape dependence for host-derived organic forms of nitrogen demonstrated by the fact that broomrape growth is arrested when feeding on host cultivars with decreased amino acid-phloem levels (Abbes et al., 2009), inhibition of enzymes at the top of amino-acid biosynthetic pathway by means of either direct inhibitory action of herbicides (Gressel, 2009) or by feedback inhibition induced by amino-acid end-products (Vurro et al., 2006) are able to kill broomrape. doi: 10.1007/BF02980855, Prez-de-Luque, A., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2008). Neither nitrogen nor lipid content change significantly during conditioning, while carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis seems to be crucial (Bar-Nun and Mayer, 1993, 2002; Mayer and Bar-Nun, 1994, 1997). 60, 295306. Chem. doi: 10.1006/bcon.1999.0718, Bhattacharya, C., Bonfante, P., Deagostino, A., Kapulnik, Y., Larini, P., Occhiato, E. G., et al. Phytoparasitica 32, 2129. Res. american fidelity accident insurance. 65, 540545. Available at: www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts_list4Bname.pdf, Van Delft, G. J., Graves, J. D., Fitter, A. H., and Van Ast, A. It seems more and more obvious that a single strategy has low probability to control broomrapes. glycinea induce ethylene-mediated suicidal germination in Striga sp. Haustorium 53, 13. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00089-7, Gibot-Leclerc, S., Abdennebi-Abdemessed, N., Reibel, C., and Colbach, N. (2013). Bioprotection mechanisms of pea plant by Rhizobium leguminosarum against Orobanche crenata. doi: 10.1002/ps.1738. Resistance and avoidance against Orobanche crenata in pea (Pisum spp.) Plant Cell Physiol. Wallingford: CAB International. For broomrape control, this system seeks the simultaneous cultivation of susceptible host species with inhibitory species of broomrape parasitism. Abu-Irmaileh, B. E. (1994). doi: 10.1006/anbo.1996.0385, Drr, I., and Kollmann, R. (1995). In non-parasitic plants, physiological dormancy can be relieved through stratification but in the case of broomrape weeds, two consecutive processes are required to release dormancy: an environment-dependent first step of warm stratification called the conditioning phase, and a host-dependent second step of chemodetection. 51, 707716. This gene remains silenced during conditioning phase and its activation occurs mediated by host-encoded germination stimulants, i.e., strigolactones, only after the conditioning phase is complete. doi: 10.1007/s00425-007-0600-5, Yoneyama, K., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Sekimoto, H. (2007b). Several mechanisms underlying this resistance have been described at this stage such as production of gel-like substances within host vessels blocking the transfer of nutrients, host-encoded toxic-compounds delivered into the parasitic tissue though the vascular system and hormonal incompatibility that leads to abnormal haustorial maturation with scarce vascular connections (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2008c; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2008, 2009). 37, 3751. The timing of germination is the most crucial event that obligated parasitic plants face along their life cycle (Figure 2C). You could plant non-host crops for 20 years, but then when you plant tomatoes, branched broomrape could emerge again, Hanson said. Appl. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-01-12-0006-R, Aviv, D., Amsellem, Z., and Gressel, J. Suttle, J. C. (1983). (A) Fructification and dehiscence of capsules containing mature seeds; (B) microscopic view of a seed (size ranging 0.22 mm) that undergoes sucessive dispersal, primary dormancy and annual release of secondary dormancy; (C) broomrape embryo does not develop morphologycaly identified cotyledons or shoot meristem and upon host-induced germination, only a radicle emerges from the seed with the function of searching and contacting the host root; (D) upon haustorial induction, the radicle stops elongating and a single terminal haustorium is differentiated. Adv. Sieve elements of both organisms are already interconnected by interspecific sieve pores at early stages of parasitism. Those mechanisms kill the broomrape either by inducing toxic effects or by starving the parasite. Ann. Broomrapes are sap-sucking 'plant pilferers' that steal their food from the roots of other . We have seen that several opportunities to stop the cycle of the parasite have been explored. Biol. Commercially available as Bion, field doses of 0.8 kg ha1 are recommended to inhibit P. ramosa parasitism in hemp and tobacco (Gonsior et al., 2004), crops for which resistant varieties are not available. Seed response to strigolactone is controlled by abscisic acid-independent DNA methylation in the obligate root parasitic plant, Phelipanche ramosa L. Pomel. Phytopathol. During the host penetration process, broomrape does not dissolve the host cells in its way toward vascular cylinder. (2007). It is a prolific seed producer. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Hot air temperature and clear skies are required during the solarization period. Nanotechnology for parasitic plant control. (2007a). FIGURE 2. And four, despite reports on broomrape inefficient machinery for nitrogen assimilation, and on amino acid fluxes from the host phloem to the parasite, herbicides inhibiting amino acid biosynthesis in the parasite via suppressive action on broomrape-encoded acetolactate synthase (ALS) and enol-pyruvylshikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzymes are able to kill broomrape. Non-host facilitators, a new category that unexpectedly favours parasitic weeds. 9, 200208. Fusarium nygamai a potential bioherbicide for Striga hermonthica control in sorghum. If this works, it will be easy to implement through the fertilizer system.. Reduced germination of Orobanche cumana seeds in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or their exudates. The points of vulnerability of some underground events, key for their parasitism such as crop-induced germination or haustorial development are reviewed as inhibition targets of the broomrape-crop association. (2002). (2005). Polyphenols, including the new peapolyphenols AC, from root exudates stimulate Orobanche foetida seed germination. MF-A wrote the paper. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2004.2221. Weed Res. One could even imagine situation Interestingly, experimentation carried out on broomrape species specialized on summer crops revealed their lower requirement for conditioning when compared with species specialized in winter annual crops highlighting the ecological adaptation of broomrape weeds to the cropping system in which they become specialized (Plakhine et al., 2009). Agron. 5, 99108. Keyes, W. J., Palmer, A. G., Erbil, W. K., Taylor, J. V., Apkarian, R. P., Weeks, E. R., et al. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Res. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90779-9, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (2002). Transfer of organic substances from the host plant Vicia faba to the parasite Orobanche crenata Forsk. Epub 2014 Oct 16. mermaid sightings in ireland; is color optimizing creme the same as developer; harley davidson 1584 cc motor; what experiment did stan have in mind answers Lpez-Granados, F., and Garca-Torres, L. (1996). Sci. Plant Microbe Interact. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.014, Gressel, J. Fernndez-Aparicio M, Delavault P, Timko MP. J. Agric. Phelipanche aegyptiaca management in tomato. Maintenance of relative low levels of those amino acids in tubercles either by low levels of synthetase activities (McNally et al., 1983) and or their rapid turnover of host-derived amino acids, establishes a decreasing concentration gradient that favors the unloading of amino acids into the parasite (Abbes et al., 2009). doi: 10.1038/nature07271, Gonsior, G., Buschmann, H., Szinicz, G., Spring, O., and Sauerborn, J. Ann. Nitrate is not toxic to broomrape as it lacks the ability to convert nitrate into ammonium (van Hezewijk and Verkleij, 1996). Technologies for smart chemical control of broomrape (Orobanche spp. Other interesting molecules that hamper the ability of broomrape radicle to reach the host have been recently discovered from different microbial and plant origins (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). Inhibition of Orobanche crenata seed germination and radicle growth by allelochemicals identified in cereals. doi: 10.1614/WS-07-147.1, Mauromicale, G., Restuccia, G., and Marchese, A. In addition, their mixed traits of weed and underground pathogen, make their control tricky. Few days after host vascular connection, the part of the broomrape seedling that remains outside the host root develops into a storage organ called tubercle. B., and Mallory-Smith, C. A. Sustain. Due to their achlorophyllous nature, broomrapes are constrained to obtain their nutritional resources by feeding off other plants using the haustorium, an organ unique in parasitic plants through which the parasite diverts water and nutrients from the host (De Candolle, 1813; Kuijt, 1969; Musselman and Dickison, 1975; Westwood, 2013). The opposite agricultural practice deep-plowing, has been suggested to bring seeds of parasitic weeds to a depth with less oxygen availability and therefore a reduction in its germination capacity (Van Delft et al., 2000). The parasitic weed radicle that emerges from germinated seed and carries the attachment organ is also targeted by those mycoherbicides (Abbasher and Sauerborn, 1992). Bot. 13, 478484. Aber, M., Fer, A., and Salle, G. (1983). The significance of this structure in broomrape parasitism requires further investigation. Saghir, A. R. (1986). These connections are probably developed from simultaneous differentiation of adjacent host and parasite cells to xylem elements (Drr, 1997). -, Abbes Z., Kharrat M., Delavault P., Chabi W., Simier P. (2009). Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsks.) and other fungi as biological control agents of broomrape (Orobanche ramosa). Tomilov, A., Tomilova, N., Shin, D. H., Jamison, D., Torres, M., Reagan, R., et al. (2009). 2022 Feb 5;11(3):438. doi: 10.3390/plants11030438. Biocontrol Sci. Plant Physiol. Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. 48, 93117. J. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help J. Evol. The haustorium is the key feature of plant parasitism which has evolved independently at least 11 times in angiosperms (Barkman et al., 2007; Westwood et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2015). Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. 19, 289307. Orobanche crenata in Ethiopia. July 3, 2022 orange county soccer club ny manhattan beach apartments. Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed (1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; (2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; (3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth and crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents; and (4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant or tolerant varieties and implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitiveness. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00742.x, Rubiales, D., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., and Rodriguez, M. J. With target-site resistance, the herbicide translocates unmetabolised to the underground broomrape via the haustorium inflicting its suppressive action in the parasite (Gressel, 2009). Besides the demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter required for host-dependent PrCYP707A1 expression, the high levels of global DNA demethylation observed at the end of conditioning period suggest that the epigenetic process occurring during the conditioning phase may be targeting other unknown molecules during conditioning. (2009). (2007). doi: 10.1051/agro:2001167. Sci. Crop Prot. 29, 391393. Rev. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.41.060190.001015. 69, 463472. doi: 10.1002/ps.1735, Hershenhorn, J., Eizenberg, H., Dor, E., Kapulnik, Y., and Goldwasser, Y. Figure 1. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00609.x, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Emeran, A. Pest Manag. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err246, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Sillero, J. C., and Rubiales, D. (2007). 53, 107117. Pest Manag. This lead us to build the list of the major feasible components that a model designed to quantify the effects of cropping systems on pest dynamics should include for specific broomrape control. Mater. 89, 177181. Bot. doi: 10.1007/s13593-013-0153-x, Gibot-Leclerc, S., Corbineau, F., Sall, G., and Cme, D. (2004). In addition to this direct effect, ethylene-producing bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.10.004, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. Inter-cropping with berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. Effect of N-application on sorghum growth, Striga infestation and the osmotic presure of the parasite in relation to the host. broomrape and bursage relationship. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.038, Mauromicale, G., Lo Monaco, A., and Longo, M. G. A. Science 349, 540543. These plants are best known by their straw-yellow stems, which are completely free of chlorophyll and have blue, white, or yellow dragon-like flowers. Soc. The points of vulnerability of some underground events, key for their parasitism such as crop-induced germination or haustorial development are reviewed as inhibition targets of the broomrape-crop association. The role of strigolactones in host specificity of Orobanche and Phelipanche seed germination. Effect of fungal and plant metabolites on broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) Benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) acts as a functional analog of SA and activates defense responses in susceptible hosts leading to lignification of the endodermis and a consequent inhibition to up to 98% broomrape parasitism (Gonsior et al., 2004; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2004; Kusumoto et al., 2007). Weed Res. (1997). Copyright 2016 Fernndez-Aparicio, Reboud and Gibot-Leclerc. broomrape and bursage relationship. Fig. Euphytica 186, 897905. (2012). doi: 10.1007/s00425-011-1568-8, Yoneyama, K., Xie, X., Kusumoto, D., Sekimoto, H., Sugimoto, Y., Takeuchi, Y., et al. 47, 153159. Nat. Most species are primarily subterranean and appear aboveground only to reproduce. 65, 603614. Crop Prot. Effect of triiodobenzoic acid on broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) infection and development in tomato plants. Especially common in tomatoes, hemp broomrape can parasitize a variety of vegetable crops, and its tiny seeds are usually spread by contaminated soil or crop seeds. 26, 11661172. 48, 39303934. Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel (branched broomrape) is a holoparasitic plant that reproduces on crops and also on weeds, which contributes to increase the parasite seed bank in fields. Biol. More than 40 insect herbivores from 22 families have been collected on broomrape plants but a majority of them are polyphagous without any specificity for broomrape species being some of them serious pests of important crops (Klein and Kroschel, 2002). J. Agric. The site is secure. Appl. Instead an integrated control program including a battery of broomrape-specific measurements is preferable. Delaying sowing date has, however, a general drawback by reducing yield potential under normal development so that plant breeding program tend generally to favor long lasting cultivars with early sowing dates. Weed Sci. Conventional and biotechnological approaches for control of parasitic weeds. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00100-9, Joel, D. M. (2009). doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00137-5, Ahonsi, M. O., Berner, D. K., Emechebe, A. M., Lagoke, S. T., and Sangina, N. (2003). This strategy requires a careful calibration of doses and timing depending on the host crop and underground phenology of broomrape determined by local conditions and crop (Hershenhorn et al., 1998, 2009; Eizenberg et al., 2006). Agronomie 23, 359362. (2007). Matvienko, M., Wojtowicz, A., Wrobel, R., Jamison, D., Goldwasser, Y., and Yoder, J. I. Biochem. This work was cofunded by the European Union and INRA, in the framework of the Marie-Curie FP7 COFUND People Program, through the award of an AgreenSkills fellowship (under grant agreement n PCOFUND-GA-2010-267196) to MF-A with additional support by the INRA Division Sant des Plantes et Environnement., Abbasher, A. Red clover plants were grown in soil articially infested with small broomrape seed in temperature-con-trolled growth . The re-emergence of branched broomrape in California is of concern to the processing tomato industry as: 1) the experience in other regions of the world has demonstrated the extreme vulnerability of tomato to branched broomrape parasitism, 2) broomrapes seem likely to rapidly establish and spread in California because of the similarity to the species' native climate, (3) repeated cultivation . Global invasive potential of 10 parasitic witchweeds and related Orobanchaceae. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2015.1018813. Before doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00748.x. not been previously reported. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern316. Agroecology 3, 174. The Biology of Parasitic Fowering Plants.